Jane Austens Sense And Sensibility Essays -- Austen Sense Sensibility

Spring and All

In William Carols Williams' sonnet â€Å"Spring and All,† he utilizes striking pictures and representations to contrast nature with the individuals who persevere through a fatal sickness while isolated in an infectious emergency clinic. The real estate parcel encompassing the emergency clinic has been corrupted by the dead of winter, which is utilized to speak to the individuals who lost their lives because of the disorder. At that point the speaker depicts the acknowledged change the land starts to appear, as winter gradually transforms into spring. The dead real estate parcel starting to give indications of life is utilized to speak to the not many that endure and will get o leave the dismal hospital.The speaker depicts the real estate parcel encompassing the medical clinic as sloppy, inert, and cold. The portrayal of the land during winter is utilized to represent the melancholy feel of the emergency clinic and the individuals who will never leave it, devoured by their sick ness. Like winter, the individuals who have passed on resemble â€Å"twiggy/stuff of shrubs and little trees/with dead, earthy colored leaves under them/leafless vines-,† (10-13. ) The dormancy of the land and the exposed dead plants is utilized as a similitude for the sad passings of the isolated patients.The speaker portrays the sky and climate as â€Å"mottled mists driven from/the upper east †a cold wind,† (3-4. ) The virus wind is utilized to represent the virus chill of death and the hopelessness that will blow through families who lost their friends and family. The sonnet at that point starts to depict the start of spring and the unhealthy filled land initiates on a moderate change with an opportunity of essentialness. The land Is â€Å"lifeless in appearance, drowsy/shocked spring approaches,† (14-15. ) These lines are intended to represent the lives of the individuals who battled and made due through the Illness.At first they are blasted Ill and sh ow up dead In their beds, however as spring approaches they stir frail, yet alive and loaded with trust. Spring draws near and â€Å"now the obvious pride of/entrance †Still, the significant change/has happened upon them: established, they/hold down and start to awaken,† (25-28. ) Not just does the last refrain speak to nature getting through all the dead and being reawakened yet in addition the individuals who endure an infectious ailment and will get one more opportunity at life.Spring has consistently been an image of resurrection since dead, leafless, and flowerless plants start new development; creatures stir from their long winter sleep, and furthermore a well known time for new life to enter the world. It bodes well that this sonnet contrasts spring and the lives of the individuals who have defeated a genuine Illness, and will get another took shots at life, as though they have been renewed. In this sonnet, winter Is utilized as an image for the individuals who lo st their lives, and the distresses that will freeze the hearts of their family and friends.On the other hand, spring Is utilized to Illustrate the resurrection of nature and the additional opportunity to the individuals who drove on and battled to remain alive. As the land outside the infectious emergency clinic starts to change with new life and delightful hues It speaks to the desire for those that endure and could glance out one of the medical clinics window and witness new life starting to develop as they experience their own new possibility at life. Work Cited Williams, William Carols. â€Å"Spring and All,† Literature: A Pocket Anthology. fourth deed. Deed. R. S. Gwynne. New York: Longhand, 2009. 597.Spring and All By Jones land initiates on a moderate change with an opportunity of imperativeness. The land is intended to represent the lives of the individuals who battled and made due through the disease. From the outset they are blasted sick and show up dead in their be ds, yet as spring approaches the individuals who have defeated a genuine ailment, and will get another took shots at life, as though they have been reawakened. In this sonnet, winter is utilized as an image for the individuals who lost their lives, and the spring is utilized to outline the resurrection of nature and the additional opportunity to the individuals who to change with new life and lovely hues it speaks to the expectation of those that

The Combination of Domestic Abuse and Alcohol

The Combination of Domestic Abuse and Alcohol Relationships Violence and Abuse Print The Combination of Domestic Abuse and Alcohol By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 21, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 21, 2019 Mixmike / Getty Images More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Statistics seem to indicate a connection between alcohol and drug abuse and domestic violence, but some researchers question the cause-and-effect relationship. Studies of domestic violence frequently document high rates of alcohol and another drug  (AOD) involvement, and AOD use is known to impair judgment, reduce inhibition, and increase aggression. Alcoholism and child abuse, including incest, seem also to be connected. High Rate of Alcohol Use On the surface, it seems hard to argue with the numbers reported in domestic violence research studies. According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, the Bureau of Justice Statistics shows that two-thirds of victims of spousal violence report that the perpetrator had been drinking. In a global study of intimate partner violence, the odds  were higher worldwide in relationships where one or both partners had problems with alcohol, compared to relationships where neither of them did. No Cause-and-Effect Relationship? But those who study the dynamics of domestic abuse say there is no real research to indicate that alcoholism and drug abuse causes domestic violence. Although research indicates that among men who drink heavily, there is a higher rate of assaults resulting in injury, the majority of men classified as high-level drinkers do not abuse their partners. Also, many of the physically abusive incidents occur in the absence of alcohol use. An Overlap in Social Problems According to the Womens Rural Advocacy Program, no evidence supports a cause-and-effect relationship between the two problems. The relatively high incidence of alcohol abuse among men who batter must be viewed as the overlap of two separate social problems, it claims. According to The Safety Zone, there is no evidence to suggest that alcohol use or dependence is linked to the other forms of coercive behaviors that are part of the pattern of domestic violence. Economic control, sexual violence, and intimidation, for example, are often part of a batterers ongoing pattern of abuse, with little or no identifiable connection to his use of or dependence on alcohol. Battering Is Learned Behavior Battering is a socially learned behavior, and is not the result of substance abuse or mental illness, advocacy groups claim. Men who batter frequently use alcohol abuse as an excuse for their violence. They attempt to rid themselves of responsibility for the problem by blaming it on the effects of alcohol, they say. Alcohol does not and cannot make a man abuse a woman, but it is frequently used as an excuse. Many men drink and do not abuse anyone as a result. On the other hand, many men abuse women when they are sober. It can be easier for some men and for some women to believe that the violence would not have happened if a drink had not been taken. Denial and Minimization Its part of the denial process. Alcoholism and battering do share some similar characteristics. Both may be passed from generation to generation, both involve denial or minimization of the problem, both involve isolation of the family. So, why do batterers do it? How can you tell if you are at risk? If you are in an abusive relationship, what can you do? Stressors That Can Play a Role in Domestic Violence Attacks

Yersinia pestis †Infection, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and...

Yersinia pestis – Gerneal Infection, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Yersinia pestis, the culprit behind the infamous Black Death, spread by rat fleas, has cast a shadow over human civilization, taken the lives of countless peasants and nobles alike like a violent brute who murders invariably. There are three major forms of infection stages, the bubonic plague, the septicemic plague, and the pneumonic plague (primary and secondary), all are lethal if not treated with proper antibiotics. Due to similar symptoms, clinical diagnosis, the distinction between a common cold and a lethal infection is made difficult. However, though a potent murderer, Yersinia pestis can be easily eliminated by antibiotic treatment; survivors of the disease†¦show more content†¦Converse to common fears, the bubonic plague is not contagious, and is not lethal. However, if the bacteria spread from the buboes and into the blood, it becomes extremely dangerous. Septicemic plague occurs when the â€Å"dissemination of†¦bacteria leads to high-density bacteremia, [whi ch] produces (sc) endotoxic shock and disseminates intravascular coagulation, [and] often resulting in [patient’s] death in spite of antibiotic treatment.† (157) It is especially difficult to administer antibiotics early, because â€Å"sometimes, infection with Y. pestis results in high bacteremia without evidence of a papable lymphadenopathy†¦referred to as primary septicemic plague†¦[which] often resembles other gram-negative septicemias.† (157) Symptoms indicative of a septicemic plague, including fever, headache, chill, diarrhea, and vomiting are synonymous to a common viral/bacterial. Hence its confusing symptoms, â€Å"a patient with undifferentiated sepsis might be treated with antibiotics that are not effective against Y. pestis.† (157) The septicemic plague is also not contagious, unless blood comes in contact directly or indirectly. In some cases of the bubonic and septicemic plague, the â€Å"bacteria are able to invade the pulmonary tissue from the blood, inducing a neutrophilic inflammatory response, [and] as they multiply, the bacteria sometimes enter the alveolar spaces, resulting in secondary pneumonic plague.† (157) Patients with the pneumonic plague, the only contagiousShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1675 Words   |  7 Pageschilling to think about knowing that a mere flea can be the cause of the bubonic plagues epidemic. The more specific medical or scientific term for this disease is Yersinia Pestis. This was named after the doctor, Alexandre Yersin, who isolated the bacteria in 1894 during the pandemic that began in China in the 1860’s. The earliest traces of Y Pestis can be found all the way back to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in the 1320’s. The cause of the sudden eruption is yet to be solved but the earliest major tollRead MoreThe Black Death Of The Nineteenth Cen tury And Today s Modern Medicine1580 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: The purpose is to compare and contrast treatments and causes for The Black Death from the seventeenth century to today’s modern medicine. Introduction: The Black Death is arguably one of the most important events of the medieval era. This catastrophic plague spread through Western Europe terminating two hundred million people which happened to be one third of the population between 1328 and 1351(Sterling). The Black Death Plague stands out as one of the most dramatic and lifestyle changingRead MoreConcerns of Bioterrorism2788 Words   |  11 PagesIssues and Homeland Security, there have always been efforts to use germs and disease as weapons. The reported risk has led the U.S. government to expend immense resources for bio-defense in the early part of the 21st century. According to Right Diagnosis from health grades, there was a list of the different types of Bioterrorism and they are: Anthrax, Salmonella, Glanders, Melioidosis, and Smallpox. Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis.Read MoreNotifiable Disease Case Study1656 Words   |  7 Pagessepticemia †¢ Mumps †¢ Plague †¢ Rabies †¢ Rubella †¢ Severe acute respiratory syndrome †¢ Scarlet fever †¢ Smallpox †¢ Tetanus †¢ Tuberculosis †¢ Typhus †¢ Viral hemorrhagic fever †¢ Whooping cough †¢ Yellow fever †¢ Acute Encephalitis- is caused by a viral infection or the body attacking it’s own brain cells, the incubation period is 4-10days viruses the disease itself is not contagious but viruses that cause encephalitis are, it’s important to see a GP soon as possible. †¢ Acute Infectious hepatitis-this usRead MoreWorking Title : Ring Around The Rosy1948 Words   |  8 PagesWorking Title: Ring Around the Rosy Introduction Attention Getter: We all know the common childhood rhyme â€Å"Ring Around the Rosy,† what many readers do not know is that symptoms of the Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague show up in the nursery rhyme. This correlation leaves many scholars believing that the two have a sickening connection. (History.com Staff) Thesis: Although the Bubonic Plague was tragic in itself, the horrid disease has a correlation to other common diseases today, includingRead MoreThe Spread of the Plague 1671 Words   |  7 Pagesidentified the cause of the bubonic plague. He discovered that the disease was being caused by a deadly bacterium which he named after himself, Yersinia pestis. Yersin worked with a scientist named Pasteur in France to develop a treatment to fight the plague. Yersin was the first to suggest that rats and fleas were the main cause for the spreading of the plague. Symptoms of the plague emerge after one to seven days which include fever, swelling in the regional lymph nodes in the groin, armpit, or neck. InRead More Biological Terrorism Essay5064 Words   |  21 Pagesunwittingly played host to the first recorded incidence of bioterrorism. The first symptoms appear nearly a week later. At first, victims believe they are suffering from the flu, but symptoms quickly progress from fever, rigors and headache to severe chest pain, irregular heartbeat and pustular eruptions. In the absence of treatment, nearly all those infected die within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. 1 Could this really happen? In the above case, glanders (BurkholderiaRead MoreClinical Problem Solving And The Division Of Infectious Disease2961 Words   |  12 PagesCount: 2480 References: 15 A 25-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with two days of fever, chills, and sweats. These symptoms began abruptly, and were accompanied by malaise, headache, dry cough, myalgias, and decreased appetite. She denied photophobia, neck stiffness, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or dysuria. While the symptoms are non-specific, an infectious cause is most likely given the relatively abrupt onset of fever, chills, sweats, malaise, and myalgiasRead MoreChemical and Biological Weapons Essay4441 Words   |  18 Pagesdifferent from inhalation anthrax whose incubation period ranges from one to six days. The mortality rate for cutanous anthrax without treatment is ten to twenty percent. After treatment, it drops to less than one percent. The mortality rate for inhalation anthrax without treatment is ninety to one hundred percent and is usually not diagnosed in time for treatment. Another biological weapon is Botulinum Toxins. Botulism is caused by intoxication with any of the seven distinct neurotoxins producedRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pagesdeterminants of today’s global health climate.12 The recent resurgence of polio, smallpox, Ebola, cholera, the continued challenges of malaria and HIV/AIDS, and the emergence of treatment resistant pathogens make infectious disease a particularly relevant topic to this committee. Advances in human genome sequencing may lead to new treatments for chronic or infectious disease. However, this relatively new area of research poses challenges to the World Health Organization in terms of ethical and legal considerations

Byronic Hero In Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment

Within literature, a Byronic hero is characterized by his/her cunning, arrogant, violent, and often intellectually unstable behavior. First developed in the 19th century by English Romantic poet, Lord Byron, a Byronic hero deviates from the traditional Romantic hero archetype (Byronic). Although both archetypes â€Å"rebel against traditional modes of behavior†, Byronic heroes have greater psychological burdens. This results in morbid sensibilities. Dostoevsky s Crime and Punishment explores a variety of characters’ psyche and creates an anamnesis of their respective traits. Developed by Dostoevsky, Arkady Svidrigailov possesses an imbalance of Freud’s psychoanalytic triad of id, ego and superego, which result in deterioration of his mental†¦show more content†¦Upon discovering the fact that Dounia and Pulcheria would soon move to St. Petersburg, Svidrigailov also sets off for the city, seeing that his wife has just unexpectedly died; this action is seen as a means in which to satisfy instant delight. Despite prior circumstances, Dounia complies to follow Svidrigailov to his room where he proceeds to coerce her. Regardless of Dounia’s adamant refusal â€Å"he had never seen her so handsome. The fire glowing in her eyes at the moment she raised the revolver seemed to kindle him and there was a pang of anguish in his heart. He took a step forward and a shot rang out. The bullet grazed his hair and flew into the wall behind him. He stood still and laughed softly† (491). This scene is the epitome of Svidrigailov’s maniacal obsessions and unveils the nature of his intentions. Megalomania directly correlates with obsession, but the primary target is power and domination over others. Every aspect of Svidrigailov’s life revolves around himself and his altered ego. The assimilatory delusions that exist contribute to an intensification of Svidrigailov s actions and result in neurotic behavior. Multiple occasions within the story showcase Svidrigailov and his acts of kindness to those in need. Following the death of Marmeladov in part 6, chapter 5, he gives money to Sonia so that her siblings can be sent to a suitable

MHS Reflection Free Essays

The most impressive part is having interview with one of the employees-Yin Pong. She is an ex-mentally ill person but she is confident and cheerful. During the interview, she repeatedly expresses that she enjoys working in bakery and feels an immense gratitude that she can be employed. We will write a custom essay sample on MHS Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now At that moment, I think the role of social enterprises is essential in Hong Kong society as they can provide opportunities of self-reliance to the disadvantaged. In Hong Kong, many disadvantaged are seeking for these helps and it can also decrease the ruder of the families and society. I find that their products are valuable although the prices of the products are quite expensive as they use high quality of ingredients for their baking to achieve quality assurance. It is also an essential element helping them to compete in the market. Besides, I appreciate the spirit of bakery. They hope their customers keep patronizing are because of the appreciation of their baked product, but not the sympathy for the employees with disabilities or the support to their organization (Ting Way Group of Hospitals). The employees completely get good senses of fulfillment from successful work. It is no doubt that training employees with disabilities is a difficult job as they need to give much patience, care and time for their employees. To help bakery to survive in the market, it is not just their well-handled management, but also their selflessness to employees. The role of social enterprises is one of the steps to lead Hong Kong to be a caring socio ¶y’. Our supports are dispensable. How to cite MHS Reflection, Papers

Mostafa Moawad Essays - Cognitive Science, Psychology, Cognition

Mostafa Moawad Cognitive Processes November 22, 2016 Frank Gengaro Cognition describes how humans acquire, store, transform and use knowledge. Cognition plays a major role in every person's life as it allows us to get new information, have memories , and apply our knowledge. Humans are generally social creatures and need to interact with society in order for survival. In the three movies we watched, The Wildboy, Dr. Strangelove, and The Pawnbroker and the three articles we read Transformation of Man in Society, Reflections, and On Memory and Childhood Amnesia we can see how cognition has an impact human development throughout. There are seven attributes that pertain to cognition which are motivated whether intrinsically or extrinsically, structured, flexibly focused, social, affectively tinged, self-reflective, and layered. Those seven features of cognition highlight human interactions with society bringing out the positive and negative facets of each individual. Solomon Asch in the article Transformation of Man in Society discusses how interactions with society really shape individuals. He explains how our social experiences allow us to perceive things in a certain way. As Solomon Asch writes, "It is individual human beings who have speech, make tools and objects of adornment, observe categories of kinship rules of property, and distinguish between the sacred and the profane" (Asch 118). This explains how social interactions help in the development of humans. We see what Solomon Asch is talking about in the movie The Wild Child. In the movie there's a naked boy that was found running around in the forest people then start hunting him down and send him back to Paris where he is first put in a school for the deaf. Dr. Itard then comes along and realizes that the boy is not deaf so he decides to take custody of the boy and starts educating him . Dr. Itard names the boy Victor and makes him live in his house in the out skirts of Paris. Dr. Itard embarks on a journey where he tries to civilize the wild boy Victor with the help of a housekeeper that he appoints. Victor actually becomes educated and learns the basics of language under Dr. Itard. During the movie however, we can see that Dr. Itard was studying the case of Vi c tor as he was writing everything he noted in a diary. The Wild Child, Victor, can be seen as a metaphor of our life because we can see how if we were humans with no set rules we would be just like animals living in a jungle. The movie also shows how we need to interact with people to in order to keep our lives sane . This bring s back a connection to Solomon Asch's article how he emphasizes that social interactions really impacts a human's life. So in short we are creature s that cannot survive without other human interactions. I believe we did the right thing taking Victor out of his world because we civilized him and made almost just like another any boy in his age. The amazing thing about Victor too is that he showed the capabilities of learning so quickly. This connects to one of the 7 features of human, flexibly focused. Even though there were some obstacles and difficulties in him learning, Victor showed some great adaptability in responding to what he was learning. Dr. Itard seemed very enthusiastic about Victor coming to be a civilized human being and becoming just a normal boy instead of living in the wild. At times though it seemed like Dr. Itard care more about his scientific project rather than the person in front of him as he was ardent for it to be successful. An evidence for that would be the aggressive response towards Victor when he wouldn't respond well to the things he was learning. However, one can argue that sometimes one needs to use force so that the person can learn better. Another feature of cognition that was seen in the movie was how Victor was motivated where intrinsically or e xtrinsically . Victor was motivated intrinsically by going around the forest to look for food in order to survive. In addition Victor was also motivated extrinsically to learn and show

How to Write an Essay on Personal Philosophy of Success

How to Write an Essay on Personal Philosophy of Success Personal Philosophy of Success General guidelines How to start How to create the outline How to write the thesis How to write the introduction How to write body paragraphs How to conclude Essay revision Personal Philosophy of Success (Essay Sample) General guidelines Personal philosophy success is based on inner ability that is portrayed outside after someone takes a single step. Personal philosophy contains strategies for achieving the success that the essay writer demonstrates to the reader with various considerations. It also contains extensive support by giving experience, examples, and evidence. Personal philosophy paper should also include the writer’s commitment and how the preparations were undertaken for the forthcoming success. How to start One can start a personal philosophy essay by demonstrating three or more strategies for your success. For instance, these can be class work, reading magazines, listening to motivational speakers or even having a mentor. For each and every strategy give a clear detail of how to achieve. Secondly, have a well-composed paper as this will enable the audience to consider your points valid and achievable. How to create the outline An outline composes from the items to be discussed. One can start by introducing the strategies of success and then give a clear thesis statement. The body will contain the storyline of success as well as the evidence or examples of success. A conclusion is the last part when one has handled the content very well. How to write the thesis A thesis statement gives the whole picture of the body. The thesis statement contains the topic or the heading; for instance, self-motivation or personal responsibility. When the thesis statement gives the whole concept of the body, it is followed by main points of success. How to write the introduction A good introduction contains sentences that will catch the attention of the reader. Personal philosophy essay should contain an introduction that includes well-planned strategies of success. Secondly, it should reveal some information about a motivating factor for the success as well as a brief story of oneself. One can start by using a personal narrative that will enable the reader to have background information of the writer. Personal philosophy success essay contains details on ideas and the main points that lead to success. One introduces him or herself with a brief background story and with what might have pushed him or her to lay a strategy for the success. The thesis statement will highlight every point to be discussed in the body. One also should give valid details about success. How to write body paragraphs A body is the center of an essay as everything is discussed mainly in the body. What transpired to the success is well elaborated in the body. Personal philosophy essay contains relevant means or ways in which one uses to succeed. One may have been in a difficult situation but the strategy you use will determine your success. You need to highlight all points from the major to minor. Discuss every point while giving relevant examples or evidence that support your main points How to conclude Personal philosophy essay needs to be finished in a way that the audience or reader is satisfied with. You can provide the story and the strategies you use for succeeding. All the points are summarized in the finishing paragraph. The summarized points need to be well written and well phrased in order for the reader to be fully satisfied with your strategy. Essay revision Revising your essay is vital. Check the grammar, tenses and make sure that all the sentences are well structured and they are able to give clear ideas. One needs to ensure that the essay brings sense to the reader. Personal Philosophy Essay Sample: Personal Philosophy of Success I view the personal philosophy of success as hope or dream or a way one has a dream but is not fulfilled due to several circumstances. For instance, one has a degree in a certain field but his or her desire is to have several degrees. Such kind of a person has a personal philosophy that he wants to fulfill. Another good example is when a person does not have anything that he/she has achieved but has several ambitions in life. This person has a personal philosophy that will enable him or her to find strategies for fulfilling their dreams. You and I can be one of those people having nothing or something, for instance, a degree, but our motivations come in when we have a well-laid strategy of fulfilling our wishes. Some time back, I used to question life like Why things happen the way they are? Why was I created? What is my purpose in life, what does the future hold for me? This question led me to gather my mind together and have a well-laid structure of doing things in life. I came from a humble background that really helped me realize my full potential in life. Looking back to those who gave effort for me to be the way I am is a great motivation. My dream was to become a doctor who will save lives in various ways. This dream was driven by the fact that my grandparents died in front of my eyes just because of poor medication. It really caught my heart in surprise because at that time I believed that hospital was the place for the sick to be treated and not die. I always wanted to be the person that save lives of others and also cure several diseases that have troubled the human race. The second thing that really drove me was to be the role model for the young generation to come in the near future. Because of my dream, I gave the way to good things that would support my dream rather than those that will kill my dream; for instance, alcohol, drugs, immorality and more so peer pressure. The three factors gave me the way to my dream. Where I am today is because of the well-laid strategy of achieving goals. One of the strategies was to read smart and finish schooling up to the masters’ level. Paying attention in class, reading quality books, watching motivation speakers on television are the things that gave me the light. Later, I graduated with a doctorate degree in medicine because of the strategies I laid. My mother was my motivator. She once told me that Success is something anyone in this world can achieve if he or she loves and is fully devoted because anyone can achieve a given dream when the strategies are well put. If one has a dream, just go for it and do not look at anything. That discouraging part is when you lose hope and lose focus on your way to achieve your dream. Always be focused on everything. I am now a doctor because of the dream. You can also achieve your dream by having a strategy and a commitment to your dream. In conclusion, every dream is achievable when one loves his or her goals. Success comes with full responsibility for everything. When one is committed to achieving a certain goal in life, their mind is filled with several aspects of success. Young people need to have dreams that are achievable. People have achieved several dreams in life, not because of luck but because of commitment. A personal philosophy of success comes with full strategy and commitment, plus the right focus.

The 10 Best Spelling Games to Improve Your Word Skills

The 10 Best Spelling Games to Improve Your Word Skills SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In case you haven’t heard, according to Taylor Swift, spelling is fun! But if Taylor’s word isn’t enough to convince you, we’ve come up with a list of ways that playing spelling games can actually improve your spelling, including examples of 10 spelling games that are excellent options for kids, adults, or anyone who wants to improve their spelling skills! (Don’t worry: the possibilities for spelling games go way beyond Scrabble.) Check out our list of 10 fun and challenging spelling games that you can play on your own or with friends to build your spelling skills and vocabulary. In this article, we’ll explain why spelling games are an effective way to improve your skills quickly, and we’ll also help you pick out the best spelling games to help you meet your goals. Let’s get started! Top 4 Ways Games Can Improve Your Spelling Did you know that the spelling game Words With Friends is one of the most popular mobile games of all time? That’s probably because friendly competition, gamification, and skill-building can be a really fun combo! In addition to being fun, gamifying spelling can provide you with some other benefits too. Here are four ways spelling games can improve your spelling, provide cognitive benefits, and increase your vocabulary! #1: Learning Can Come More Naturally When Combined With Games Researchers have found that incorporating games (like spelling games) into formal classrooms can boost student learning. Specifically, teachers who have used spelling games for kids in their classrooms reported improved test scores, heightened engagement from their students, and better attention spans. But the benefits of games don’t end with childhood- adolescents and adults can reap many of the same benefits from incorporating play and games into their life, too. Unfortunately, it’s easy to overlook the need for play and learning in our lives. Spelling word games are a popular and easily accessible way for adults to relax and enjoy learning, and you might even make friends with your fellow game players in the process. #2: Games Provide Practice What many people really need in order to improve at something they’re trying to master is practice. But sitting down with a piece of paper and writing a word over and over again is boring! Likewise, being in a classroom can be intimidating, too. Spelling word games- especially spelling games for kids- provide a fun environment to practice spelling...without the stress of a classroom environment. Formal environments where you have to perform a skill in front of other people- like school or work- can create anxiety around developing that skill. Practicing spelling in a game format allows you to try, fail, and try again without worrying about the consequences. And when people play games, they tend to try over and over again even after â€Å"failing† because they’re having fun! The kind of recurring practice and willingness to try again that spelling games promote can help anyone improve their spelling skills at any age. #3: They’re Great For ESL Learners and People With Dyslexia We mentioned how high-stakes environments like school or work can make spelling scary for some people. After all, no one wants to feel silly if they make a mistake! This can be especially true for people who are trying to learn a new language or who have dyslexia. Spelling games can be especially helpful for people in these situations. Research has shown that making spelling, reading, writing, listening, and speaking into a game can help English Language Learners and people with dyslexia learn to remember things faster and better and develop greater fluency. Connecting people who are learning a new language or who experience dyslexia with effective spelling word games can help them with their language learning. #4: Spelling Games Can Help With Other Important Skills Games give people the opportunity to learn how to spell words over an extended period of time, and they help cultivate an understanding of how the words are formed. Plus, research shows that learning to spell and learning to read and write rely on much of the same underlying knowledge. Many adults describe themselves as both poor readers and poor writers, and recent studies have shown that the time Americans spend reading is at an all-time low. But guess what has seen an increase over the past two decades? The amount of time that Americans spend on playing mobile games. Spelling games provide a great opportunity to dust off those reading and writing-related skills while also enjoying yourself. It’s an added bonus that exercising the reading and writing skills you already possess through game playing can help you grow and expand those existing skills in new ways as well. Top 4 Spelling Games for Kids Now that you know how word/spelling games can benefit people from all walks of life, let’s look at our list of top spelling games. First up: the best spelling games for kids! PBS Kids Spelling Games If you’re searching for one resource for spelling games online that provides access to a variety of spelling, vocabulary, and reading games designed for kids by education and child development experts, look no further than PBS Kids Online. PBS Kids’ website conveniently categorizes the many educational games they provide based on different content areas. There are also games for children ranging from the pre-reading stage to age 8. Younger kids may also appreciate the fact that many of PBS Kids’ spelling, vocabulary, and reading games feature characters they might already know and love from their favorite TV shows, like Big Bird, Clifford the Big Red Dog, and the little heroes of Super Why! The familiarity of these popular TV characters can serve as a big incentive for younger kids to engage with educational games. Though there are tons of educational games on the site, one of our favorite PBS Kids word/spelling games available for free online is Super Why Saves the Day. This game introduces a familiar story, like a fairy tale, and asks players to help rewrite the story using words they spell in the game. Players select letters as they appear on the screen to spell out 3-5 letter words, then choose from the pool of words they’ve spelled to rewrite different parts of the story. Super Why Saves the Day helps kids with both spelling and reading comprehension. Ideal For: Kids ages 3-8 Where to Find/Buy: PBS Kids website, or download the PBS Kids Games app for iOS, Android, or Amazon Fire Vocabulary Spelling City If you’re a parent or teacher, helping kids succeed in school-based reading and writing is probably important to you. Spelling City games can be a great source of support! Spelling City is a website and app that gamifies literacy learning to help children and youth grow and improve their vocabulary, spelling, phonics, and writing skills. The activities and games provided by Spelling City mimic the forms of learning and assessment that are used for literacy learning in U.S. schools. Using Spelling City can help students develop confidence and familiarity with the ways their literacy skills will be assessed in school through fun, engaging games. There are two different versions of Spelling City currently available: a free version and a paid annual subscription, called the Family Annual Membership. With the free version, you can access spelling games online or through the app. The Family Annual Membership provides more capabilities: in addition to over 40 spelling games, the membership gives you word study playlists, automatically graded spelling and vocabulary tests, and tracks student data and progress. Plus, the membership version is ad-free. Ideal For: Students aged K-12; families who homeschool; parents seeking extra learning support for their children; teachers seeking to gamify literacy learning; English Language Learners Where to Find/Buy: Online at the Vocabulary Spelling City website, or download the VocabularySpellingCity app for iOS or Android. Wordplay for Kids If you’re trying to cut down on screen time, Wordplay for Kids is a great board game option for building kids’ spelling, vocabulary, word building, and concentration skills. Here’s how the game works: players use a â€Å"letter spinner† to acquire certain letters that they then use to form a word before time runs out. The longer the word that they form, the more points they receive. The words must fall into six special categories: â€Å"Food and Drink,† â€Å"Object or Thing,† â€Å"Living Creature,† â€Å"Something in the House,† â€Å"Boy’s or Girl’s Name,† and â€Å"Any Word.† Another benefit of Wordplay for Kids is that the game can be played as an individual or with a group of 2-6 other players. The inclusive nature of this game gives kids an opportunity to practice spelling with others, which can take the anxiety out of the process. Plus, every player participates in every round, which keeps the excitement and momentum up for young players who want to stay in the middle of the action. Perhaps best of all, Wordplay for Kids is a Teachers’ Choice Award winner, so you know its potential to help kids find success in school-based spelling activities is strong. One word of caution, though: This board game does come with small pieces that could be a choking hazard, so be sure to keep out-of-reach of youngsters who are still in the â€Å"taste-everything-you-touch† phase. Ideal For: Children ages 6+ Where to Find/Buy: Purchase the board game online through Amazon Montessori Crosswords Montessori Crosswords is an app that comes highly recommended for children with dyslexia. Using the Montessori learning method, Montessori Crosswords uses a phonics-enabled moving alphabet to allow kids to build words from a set of 320 word, image, audio, and phonics combinations. The learning methods used by Montessori Crosswords help kids understand that words are made up of sounds, or phonemes. It also helps kids memorize the phonics associated with letters. The app accomplishes these two things by allowing kids to engage with the letters and phonics in the crosswords through sound, touch, and sight. As we mentioned earlier, making learning feel like playing can decrease many young learners’ anxiety about spelling. Additionally, this app tackles spelling from a unique learning perspective, so it makes spelling accessible to kids who have had difficult experiences with literacy learning. Ideal For: Any child, and especially children with dyslexia Where to Find/Buy: App store for iOS devices only Top 3 Spelling Games for Adults Now that we’ve looked at spelling games designed specifically for kids, let’s check out some top spelling games for adults. WordBattle WordBattle is a real-time, multiplayer online word game designed to help you practice word building in friendly competition with friends, family, or fellow Facebook users. Here’s how the game works: each player is given the same 9 random letters and attempts to create a word using them in 40 seconds. Here’s the catch: each letter is assigned a different point value. Your goal is to come up with the word with the greatest point value because whoever has the most points wins! Since WordBattle can be played through a social media site, there is also opportunity for community discussion about the game. Sometimes there are even debates about the legitimacy of words that are played. Especially enthusiastic players might even bust out the dictionary! Overall, WordBattle is simply meant to be a fun way to stretch your brain and improve your agility at word play...and you might just make a few new friends in the process. Ideal For: Any Facebook user who’s down for some competition! Where to Find/Buy: The WordBattle Facebook page, or download the app for iOS or Android. New York Times Crossword A classic in the world of spelling puzzle games, the New York Times crossword has been an icon of American culture since the 1940s. It first appeared in the Sunday paper, then was upgraded to a daily feature in the 1950s. The New York Times crossword puzzle gets increasingly difficult throughout the week, with the easiest puzzle appearing on Monday and the most difficult on Saturday. Knowing how the difficulty increases throughout the week can help you pick the puzzle that’s right for you. And even better: you don’t have to carry a newspaper around with you to play! The New York Times crossword is now available in an app for your phone or tablet. If you want to participate in a beloved national tradition and test your spelling and vocabulary skills, the New York Times crossword is a guaranteed winner. Ideal For: Adults looking for new, challenging spelling word games Where to Find/Buy: The New York Times online; iOS, Google Play, and Amazon Fire app stores Letter Tycoon If you’re interested in face-to-face, interactive spelling word games, consider looking into Letter Tycoon. This board game is an example of a solid approach to integrating a familiar, popular theme with spelling skills. Letter Tycoon asks its 2-5 players to engage in commodity speculation, hand management, and set collection to create the most valuable empire and become the â€Å"letter tycoon.† It’s kind of like Monopoly-meets-Scrabble! Here’s how the game works: players take turns forming a word using a seven-card hand and a three-card community pool, then score money and earn stock rewards based on the word they play. Players may use the money they’ve earned to buy one letter â€Å"patent† in the word they make. For the rest of the game, when other players use a letter you â€Å"own,† you receive â€Å"royalties† from the bank. Patents, money, and stocks are added up at the end of the game to determine the winner! If you’re looking for a fun, sophisticated spelling game that you can bring to game night, Letter Tycoon is a great option. Ideal For: Adults (and people who like economy-based games like Settlers of Catan) Where to Find/Buy: Purchase the board game from Amazon Prime or Walmart.com Top 3 Spelling Games for Anyone! But games are always more fun if you can play it with your whole family, no matter how old they are. That’s why we’ve compiled our favorite all-ages spelling games, too. Bananagrams Bananagrams is like Scrabble’s hip younger brother. It uses a similar concept in that the first player to use all of the letter tiles they’ve drawn to create a word grid is the winner. But Bananagrams ups the drama by making it a race against the other players. Bananagrams also comes in a cute, compact, banana-shaped cloth bag that’s about the size of a pencil case, making it easy to stuff into a backpack or purse and take anywhere. It also requires no pens, pencils, or papers to play! The Classic Bananagrams is great for people of all ages. Children as young as seven can play, and adults of any age can have fun playing, too. But Bananagrams also makes a version of the game called My First Bananagrams, designed for children as young as four who are still in the pre-reading stage. And, get this: if you’re trying to work on your spelling in a language other than English, you can buy Bananagrams in other languages! Available options include: Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. Whatever your age or native language, Bananagrams is designed to make you more comfortable with letters and words and helps you improve your spelling. Ideal For: People of all ages and various language backgrounds Where to Find/Buy: Amazon, in-store or online at Target, Barnes Noble, Walmart, or at local toy stores Big Boggle Boggle is a word/spelling game that’s been around for a while, but it remains popular among people of all ages. Big Boggle is a variation on the classic game, and here’s how it works: players attempt to find as many connected words as possible from face-up letters in a 25-cube grid. But, the players are also on the clock! When time is up, players compare their lists of words, then eliminate any words they have in common. Players then receive points based on the number of letters in their remaining words. Adding the time element helps you practice your spelling under pressure, and it gives you the confidence to take spelling risks you might not normally take. (After all, you’re trying to earn precious points!) Ideal For: Anyone, but recommend ages 8+ Where to Find/Buy: eBay, Amazon, or in-store and online at Walmart Words With Friends You’ve probably heard of Words With Friends, a longtime fixture in online and multiplayer word/spelling games. In Words With Friends, players take turns building words in a crossword puzzle format. (If that sounds familiar, you’re right: Words With Friends riffs on the classic Scrabble concept.) If you’re a pretty active game player and enjoy multitasking, Words With Friends allows you to participate in up to 30 games at one time! Players can also connect with people they know to play Words With Friends, or be randomly assigned opponents through â€Å"Smart Match.† Like many other apps that can be played through social media networks, Words With Friends also provides a built-in chat feature that allows players to send messages to each other while playing the game. Ideal For: Anyone, but recommended ages 8+ Where to Find/Buy: iOS, Android, and Windows app store; Facebook, Kindle Fire, and Nook Tablet. What's Next? Do educational games sound like something right up your alley? Then make sure you check out our other posts on educational learning games! (Coming soon) If you’re trying to improve your spelling, you might be interested in working on your reading comprehension, too. Here’s our complete guide to improving your reading comprehension skills. One reason you might want to improve your spelling skills and vocabulary is to prepare you for the reading portion of the SAT or ACT. (It’s a great plan!) Learn more about the reading portions of the SAT and the ACT exams to make sure you’re prepared.

Feasibility Study of Hotel in Melbourne CBD Essay

Feasibility Study of Hotel in Melbourne CBD - Essay Example The set up planning and implementation is to be done keeping in view large vision – tenure of at least next five years. Based on the information collected from primary and secondary research on the location of place, market and demand analysis, facilities and benefits provided by the competitors, and the target customers it is highly recommended to start up the hotel with the following features : ïÆ'Ëœ 75 – room, full service hotel ïÆ'Ëœ 50 – 75 standard guest units; inclusive of 4 suites ïÆ'Ëœ Approximately 1,200 square feet of divisible banquet space ïÆ'Ëœ A full service restaurant serving three meals ïÆ'Ëœ 24 hour room service ïÆ'Ëœ 24 hour concierge ïÆ'Ëœ 24 hour reception ïÆ'Ëœ Laundry and dry cleaning facilities ïÆ'Ëœ Currency exchange ïÆ'Ëœ Medical services ïÆ'Ëœ Limousine rent ïÆ'Ëœ Babysitting service ïÆ'Ëœ Quantum Fitness and Health center : The Quantum Fitness houses heated indoor pool, comfortable relaxation area, dry sauna, steam bath, spacious Roman bath, a digital gym and weight room, solarium, heath bar, beauty parlor and hair dressing salon. ïÆ'Ëœ Business Facilities: These are utmost important and plays a pivotal role on attracting a mass of customers at an instance. The business facilities should include one main conference hall seating 100 – 150 people, 5 conference halls with the capacity ranging from 20 – 55 people. Besides, providing all the necessary equipments like projectors, microphones, screens, internet access, fax connection, photocopying facilities and many more. ... 50 - 75 standard guest units; inclusive of 4 suites Approximately 1,200 square feet of divisible banquet space A full service restaurant serving three meals 24 hour room service 24 hour concierge 24 hour reception Laundry and dry cleaning facilities Currency exchange Medical services Limousine rent Babysitting service Quantum Fitness and Health center : The Quantum Fitness houses heated indoor pool, comfortable relaxation area, dry sauna, steam bath, spacious Roman bath, a digital gym and weight room, solarium, heath bar, beauty parlor and hair dressing salon. Business Facilities: These are utmost important and plays a pivotal role on attracting a mass of customers at an instance. The business facilities should include one main conference hall seating 100 - 150 people, 5 conference halls with the capacity ranging from 20 - 55 people. Besides, providing all the necessary equipments like projectors, microphones, screens, internet access, fax connection, photocopying facilities, printing and laminating facilities and many more. The primary segments generating hotel demand in the subject market area include commercial individual (corporate), tour and travel, and group. The proposed hotel should be well positioned to capture its fair share of the leisure, corporate and group markets. Due to the proposed market orientation of the full - service hotel, it is likely to compete to some degree, for corporate business currently accommodated by default in some of the existing hotels located outside of the immediate subject market area. The process involved in performing the market study for establishing a hotel can be categorized

Imaging the Shoulder and Upper Extremity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Imaging the Shoulder and Upper Extremity - Essay Example This can occur in people of all ages and can be a result of a severe fall. Standard radiographs may show the fracture but in cases where vascular injuries are present, more scans around the humerus condyles and humerus head need to be done. Distal radial- The part of radius near the wrist is known as the distal part and so the fracture of the radius is known as distal radial fracture .It is also known as wrist fracture. It occurs when there is a fall on outstretched hands or other accidents. Lateral radiographs in some cases not sufficient to identify the fracture and in some cases fractures are not visible, in such cases intense imaging such as CT scans become handy. Scaphoid fracture- Fracture of any of the scaphoid carpal wrist bones is known as scaphoid fracture. It is a result of any fall where the weight is concentrated solely on the palms. Scaphoid fractures are not easily detected and in 50% cases go unnoticed with X-rays until the fracture has advanced. Even with the help of CT scans and MRI fractures are not identifiable and the diagnosis depends on the doctor’s

Cuban Cigars Brands and Companies :: Cuban Cigar Cuba

Cuban Cigars: Cigar Brands and Companies and Their Role in the Development of Exile Culture Political passions in the Cuban community run fervent and high. Cuban exiles were people that were forced to flee their homeland as a result of Fidel Castro seizing control of the government in 1959. Cubans greatly differ from other Hispanic groups in terms of why they migrated to the United States. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans came to the United States is search of greater economic opportunities. Cubans on the other hand were forced to leave Cuba due to their political beliefs and viewpoints. Those who opposed Castro's political views were looked upon as dissenters and were, in turn, forced out of Cuba. Cubans migrated to the United States in several different waves. The first wave of Cubans came in 1959; those that came then were mostly Batistianos, Cubans that were affiliated with the overthrown Fulgencio Batista. The next wave came between 1961 and 1962; this was when most of the major industries in Cuba began to become nationalized enterprises. Those that fled were predominantly doctors, lawyers, business people and skilled workers. Perhaps the largest migration occurred in 1980 with the Mariel Boatlift. In April 1980, due to growing discontent, Fidel Castro declared that anyone that wanted to leave could leave the island. Recently, other waves of migration have occurred. Most notably, between 1992 and 1994, thousands of Cubans attempted to reach the shores of the United States in rafts (balsas) and overcrowded boats. As a result of the large number of Cuban exiles in Miami, a certain exile culture has formed. Cubans that had to flee their homeland because of Fidel Castro, and his regime, possess great discontent and intolerance toward Castro. The anti-Castro point of view is prevalent in Miami and other areas that Cubans inhabit. The Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) is a powerful exile group that spearheads many efforts to enforce and uphold sanctions in order to expedite Castro's removal from power. This organization and others like it have supported trade embargoes on Cuba and all its national products. Since 1960, an embargo has been in effect on Cuban products. These embargoes are today supported by exiles who claim that the blockade is against Castro and not against Cuba. With the embargo in effect, it has been, and still is, illegal to buy, sell, trade or import Cuban products. In turn, it has been illegal to import Cuban Cigars.

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay

â€Å"The ‘polluter pays principle’ states that whoever is responsible for damage to the environment should bear the costs associated with it. † The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is one of the internationally recognized principles that in? uence the shaping of environmental policy at both the national and international level. As one of the environmental principles that have developed ‘from political slogans to legal rules,’ it is also increasingly re? ected in national and international law. It is seen and analyzed both as a principle of environmental economics and as a principle of environmental law. In environmental economics, it is discussed as an ef? ciency principle of internalization of environmental costs. As a legal principle, it is usually treated as a principle for the allocation of the cost of pollution prevention, and for liability and compensation for environmental damage. In general, it is regarded as an important and ‘right’ principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. In general, it is regarded as an important and ‘right’ principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. The â€Å"polluter pays principle† (PPP or principle) requires the polluter to bear the expense of preventing, controlling, and cleaning up pollution. Its main goals are cost allocation and cost internalization. In 1972, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) articulated the principle explicitly and in 1989 indicated that it should be applied to agriculture. Though the principle originated as an economic principle, since 1990 it has been recognized internationally as a legal principle. The PPP now plays an important role in national and international environmental policy. The European Community (EC) adopted the principle in the 1987 Single European Act, and it has appeared in international agreements, including the Rio Declaration of 1992. The principle is an explicit part of legislation in some nations; in others, it is an implicit subtext for both environmental regulation and liability for pollution. Historical Evolution Of Polluter Pays Principle The polluter pays principle, like the other great towering principles that today influence international environmental law, such as: (1) the sustainable development principle; (2) the prevention principle; (3) the precautionary principle; and (4) the proximity principle, started as a political declaration without legal force. The polluter pays principle has been included in documents with legal status. For instance, many modern constitutions in the European Union explicitly provide for a right to a clean environment and thus environmental policy principles also constitute environmental law. The right to a clean environment implies a duty of the state to protect its citizens, but it is questionable whether these principles or social rights can yet be considered subjective rights, meaning that they can be enforced by citizens in a court. However, some see the right to a clean environment as a human or natural right existing independently of politically decided treaties. Finally, the polluter pays principles is now seen in specific pieces of legislation becoming more (or some might say ‘less’) than a grand constitutional statement of an intractable human right. OECD – the birth of the polluter pays principle Some explanation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in its historical development. The principle first appeared in a legal context in a document prepared by the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (â€Å"OECD†) and included the following recommendation: â€Å"The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment is the so-called ‘Polluter Pays principle’. This principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above mentioned measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment†. In 2001, the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Environment, after years of gestation and development by other organisations, stated that a new and expanded form of the polluter pays principle should provide that: â€Å"†¦ the polluter should be held responsible for environmental damage caused and bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention measures or paying for damaging the state of the environment where the consumptive or productive activities causing the environmental damage are not covered by property rights. United Nations – the Rio Declaration This proclamation was proved, at least on paper, if not yet by jus cogens, in 1992 when the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development delegates agreed on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the â€Å"Rio Declaration†), which has been described as an â€Å"instrument of international jurisprudence [that] articulates policies and prescriptions directed at the achie vement of worldwide sustainable development†. It is of note that Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration provides that: â€Å"[n]ational authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment†. The principle’s appearance in such a seminal statement of the undamental principles of international environmental law demonstrates its significance in environmental liability regimes around the world. United States The principle has to some extent informed United States’ legislation, but its influence should not be overstated and commentators note that: â€Å"The United States, in contrast to the European nations, does not officially recognize the [polluter pays principle] as a distinct principle or policy mandate, but does, by natural political and economic inc lination, closely follow its precepts in practice†. Certain provisions of the United States’ Clean Air Act 1970 (the â€Å"CAA†) and Clean Water Act 1977 (the â€Å"CWA†) require polluters to satisfy environmental standards at their own expense; and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (â€Å"CERCLA†) assigns liability for costs associated with cleaning-up sites contaminated by hazardous wastes. CERCLA is a notable milestone in the development of the polluter pays principle in the United States and commentators have noted that: â€Å"the polluter pays principle is one of the central objectives or goals of CERCLA†. Flaws in the Polluter Pays Principle Few people could disagree with what seems at first glance to be such a straightforward proposition. Indeed, properly construed, this is not only a sound principle for dealing with those who pollute but is an extension of one of the most basic principles of fairness and justice: people should be held responsible for their actions. Those who cause damage or harm to other people should â€Å"pay† for that damage. This appeal to our sense of justice is why the â€Å"polluter pays principle† (PPP) has come to resonate so strongly with both policy makers and the public. As a general rule, sound economic analysis of pollution and environmental problems must also be based on the principle of responsibility. Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is good economics too; it not only advances fairness and justice, but also enhances economic efficiency. In other words, with appropriate policies based on a PPP, we should not have to give up the economic efficiency of a free market system based on private property in order to obtain environmental protection, nor vice versa. But as with most such general principles, the devil is in the details. In this case, the details relate to three basic questions that any application of the PPP must answer. First, how do we define pollution and therefore a polluter? Second, how much should the polluter pay, once he is identified? Third, to whom should the payment be made? The answers to these questions are at the heart of whether any application of the PPP will be either just or economically efficient. A correctly construed polluter pays principle would penalize those who injure other people by harming their persons, or by degrading their property. Too often, however, the PPP is misdefined and misused to suppress private economic activity that benefits the parties directly involved and does no specific damage to other people, but which offends those who oppose human impact on the environment and prefer to leave resources undeveloped. The objective is to restrain the resource use at the expense of the property owners and consumers without cost to those who wish to see the resources remain idle. Under such a misapplication of the PPP, very often â€Å"a polluter† is not someone who is harming others, but is someone who is simply using his own property and resources in a way that is not approved of by government officials or environmentalists. In such cases there is no harm to be measured and no real victims to compensate. Consequently, the amount to be paid is not determined by the extent of any actual damage done. Rather, it is set at a level that curbs the politically disfavored activity to the degree desired by its opponents. And finally, the payment (whether there are real victims or not) typically goes to the government in the form of a tax. In other words, in most cases, the PPP is used as cover to promote a political or ideological agenda rather than to ensure that real polluters pay compensation to real victims of their activities. Constitutional and Legislative Measures Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to conserve and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and improve the environment. Accordingly, Indian Parliament inserted two Articles, i. e. ,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution of India in 1976, Article 48A of the Constitution rightly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The cumulative effect of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the ‘State’ as well as the ‘citizens’ both are now under constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. The phrase ‘protect and improve’ appearing in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an affirmative government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to preserve the environment in its degraded form. Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or resorting of the wholesomeness of water. The Act prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter from entering into any stream or well. The Act provides for the formation of Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board. The new industries are required to obtain prior approval of such Boards before discharging any trade effluent, sewages into water bodies. No person, without the previous consent of the Boards shall bring into use new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land. The consent of the Boards shall also be required for continuing an existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land. In the Ganga Water Pollution case, the owners of some tanneries near Kanpur were discharging their effluents from their factories in Ganga without setting up primary treatment plants. The Supreme Court held that the financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. The Court directed to stop the running of these tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from the tanneries either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a permanent process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Pollution Control Board. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 aims to provide levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying certain industries and local authorities to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards constituted for the prevention and control of water pollution. The object is to realise money from those whose activities lead to pollution and who must bear the expenses of the maintaining and running of such Boards. The industries may obtain a rebate as to the extent of 25% if they set up treatment plant of sewage or trade effluent. The Air Act has been designed to prevent, control and abatement of air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are industries, automobiles, domestic fires, etc. The air pollution adversely affects heart and lung and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood. According to Roggar Mustress, the American Scientist, air pollution causes mental tension which leads to increase in crimes in the society. The Air Act defines an air pollutant as any ‘solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. ‘ The Act provides that no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board establish or operate any industrial plant in an air-pollution control area. The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the power and functions under the Air Act. The main function of the Boards under the Air Act is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. The permission granted by the Board may be conditional one wherein stipulations are made in respect of raising of stack height and to provide various control equipments and monitoring equipments. It is expressly provided that persons carrying on industry shall not allow emission of air pollutant in excess of standards laid down by the Board. In Delhi, the public transport system including buses and taxies are operating on a single fuel CNG mode on the directions given by the Supreme Court. Initially, there was a lot of resistance from bus and taxi operators. But now they themselves realise that the use of CNG is not only environment friendly but also economical. Noise has been taken as air pollutant within the meaning of Air Act. Sound becomes noise when it causes annoyance or irritates. There are many sources of noise pollution like factories, vehicles, reckless use of loudspeakers in marriages, religious ceremonies, religious places, etc. Use of crackers on festivals, winning of teams in the games, and other such occasions causes not only noise pollution but also air pollution. The Air Act prevents and controls both these pollutions. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted to provide for the protection and improvement of the quality of environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. The Act came into existence as a direct consequence of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The term ‘environment’ has been defined to include water, air and land, and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

A Quick Tutorial of Perl exists() Function

Perls exists() function is used to check whether an element in an array or hash exists. It can also be used to check for the existence of subroutines. exists will return true as long as the element has been initialized, and even if the element is undefined. In the above example, we look at a hash of our contact Bob and his phone number. First, we check for the existence of the phone element, which is obviously returning true. Next, we check for an element that does not exist, address, and youll see this one returns false.Lets look at the same routine, but with a blank address key: Youll see that this one returns true on the address, even though there is no actual value. Be careful relying on the logic of exists, and remember the distinction between exists and has value.